理解GIL多線程的真相不少資深程序員編寫代碼歷經(jīng)多年, 多線程運(yùn)用極為熟練。一旦詢問(wèn)GIL是什么, 便吞吞吐吐難以作答。這情形如同驅(qū)車行駛時(shí)不看后視鏡, 只是一味向前猛沖。終究是早晚會(huì)出問(wèn)題的。GIL的全名是Lock, 也就是全局解釋器鎖。這東西是解釋器當(dāng)中的一種機(jī)制。它規(guī)定在同一時(shí)刻, 僅有一個(gè)線程能夠執(zhí)行字節(jié)碼。其他線程要是想干活? 那就只能等著了。你或許會(huì)認(rèn)為這并不合理, 在多核CPU的時(shí)代狀況下, 存在一個(gè)鎖將性能限制得極為嚴(yán)格, 然而, 這算得上是設(shè)計(jì)方面具有的缺陷嗎? 并非如此, 在它誕生的那個(gè)時(shí)候, 單核CPU屬于主流情況, GIL使得內(nèi)存管理變得較為簡(jiǎn)便, 無(wú)需去思考多個(gè)線程之間開(kāi)展搶奪資源情況的問(wèn)題, 許多底層的C擴(kuò)展庫(kù)同樣是依據(jù)這樣的一種假設(shè)而編寫完成的。總的來(lái)講, GIL是出于安全方面考量所設(shè)置的“單行道”, 其帶來(lái)的益處在于, 對(duì)于普通開(kāi)發(fā)者而言, 不容易編寫出存在內(nèi)存泄漏情況的并發(fā)代碼, 然而, 其存在的弊端則是, 對(duì)于計(jì)算密集型的多線程程序來(lái)說(shuō), 在多核機(jī)器上運(yùn)行時(shí), 所呈現(xiàn)出的速度跟單線程運(yùn)行時(shí)一樣緩慢。為你編寫一個(gè)爬蟲, 開(kāi)啟20個(gè)線程去抓取網(wǎng)頁(yè), 工作線程在大部分時(shí)間里都處于等待網(wǎng)絡(luò)響應(yīng)的狀態(tài), 此時(shí)的CPU處于空閑狀況, GIL于這個(gè)時(shí)候基本不會(huì)產(chǎn)生干擾, 網(wǎng)絡(luò)IO的速度相當(dāng)迅速, 轉(zhuǎn)瞬之間便釋放鎖, 其他線程能夠接力, 這樣的場(chǎng)景下多線程不存在問(wèn)題。但倘若你運(yùn)用寫圖像處理, 又或者運(yùn)行一個(gè)用來(lái)計(jì)算圓周率的死循環(huán), 那就糟糕了。每一個(gè)線程僅僅能夠獲取到極少的CPU時(shí)間片, 不停地切換變動(dòng), 其效率甚至比不上單線程。你望著CPU使用率僅僅只有100%, 然而卻開(kāi)啟了8個(gè)線程, 進(jìn)而懷疑人生。有人進(jìn)行詢問(wèn), 可不可以將GIL去掉, 答案是肯定的, 但所付出的代價(jià)太過(guò)于巨大, 一旦去掉GIL那么原本的垃圾回收全部都需要重新去編寫, 所有基于C的第三方庫(kù)都有可能會(huì)崩潰當(dāng)下的生態(tài)實(shí)在是太過(guò)龐大了, 若想要變動(dòng)這個(gè)根基, 基本上是不可能的事情。那個(gè)情況下該如何處理呢? 存在著相應(yīng)的途徑。對(duì)于CPU密集型的任務(wù), 要選用特定的模塊。采用多進(jìn)程的方式, 并且每個(gè)進(jìn)程都具備自身獨(dú)立的GIL, 它們之間相互不會(huì)產(chǎn)生干擾。然而其不足之處在于, 你必須自行去處理進(jìn)程之間的通信問(wèn)題。而且數(shù)據(jù)共享相較于多線程而言更為繁雜。對(duì)于IO密集型之類的任務(wù)而言, 直接采用多線程來(lái)處理?；蛘哌\(yùn)用在.4之后才加入的那種方式, 也就是執(zhí)行異步編程, 處于單線程環(huán)境里借助事件循環(huán)對(duì)IO請(qǐng)求予以處理。其效率較比多線程還要高, 并且還不會(huì)受到GIL的影響。了解到GIL的存在, 并非是要去抱怨它。其目的在于選擇方案時(shí), 能夠做到心里有相應(yīng)的底數(shù)。當(dāng)采用框架時(shí), 舉例來(lái)說(shuō), 它處理請(qǐng)求默認(rèn)采用的是多線程方式。大部分業(yè)務(wù)邏輯主要耗時(shí)在于查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù), 其中IO占據(jù)了主要的時(shí)間部分。GIL并非是瓶頸所在。要是去編寫一個(gè)實(shí)時(shí)視頻處理服務(wù), 倘若還用那一套多線程方式, 那就等著遭遇挫折吧。仍舊存在著一個(gè)微小的細(xì)節(jié)之處, 關(guān)于GIL在設(shè)計(jì)層面存在著不少的優(yōu)化舉措, 舉例而言, 線程如若處于等待IO的狀況下就會(huì)主動(dòng)去釋放GIL, 并且在.2之后還引入了一些改進(jìn)內(nèi)容, 促使GIL在切換之際能夠更為公平, 不會(huì)出現(xiàn)致使某個(gè)線程被餓死然而依舊是那句話表示, 針對(duì)于計(jì)算密集型的多線程而言, 其性能層面的瓶頸恰恰就在那個(gè)鎖上頭。我曾見(jiàn)識(shí)過(guò)一些項(xiàng)目, 在面試之際聲稱運(yùn)用了多線程來(lái)提高性能。待代碼映入眼簾, 卻發(fā)現(xiàn)是計(jì)算型任務(wù), 且運(yùn)行于服務(wù)器之上。那所謂的多線程純粹是為了面試而編寫的, 實(shí)際上毫無(wú)提升效果。這般之人恰似僅僅踩踏油門卻不留意路況, 遲早會(huì)撞上墻壁。對(duì)于實(shí)際操作的人而言, 搞相關(guān)東西時(shí), 可不寫多線程。然而, 一旦提及GIL, 那就得明確說(shuō)出它是啥, 知道其影響在何處, 曉得該如何去繞開(kāi)它。這乃是基礎(chǔ)能力。這般情形就如同老司機(jī)在掛擋之前會(huì)先掃瞧一眼后視鏡一樣。并非每天都會(huì)運(yùn)用到這一點(diǎn)。但要是碰到需要變道超車的狀況, 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