文檔教程【免費下載鏈接】learnxinyminutes-docsCode documentation written as code! How novel and totally my idea!項目地址https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/le/learnxinyminutes-docs點擊查看免費下載本文以本倉庫根目錄下的 cangjie.md 為核心骨架完整解讀這份Learn X in Y minutes風(fēng)格的倉頡Cangjie語言導(dǎo)覽。倉頡是一門靜態(tài)類型的通用編程語言表層語法接近 C 系語言同時提供類型推斷、表達式化控制流、代數(shù)枚舉、模式匹配、類、接口、泛型、屬性、函數(shù)值與操作符重載等現(xiàn)代語言特性。讀完本文你將掌握用cjc編譯單文件、用cjpm組織工程的完整流程并逐一理解倉頡在變量、控制流、集合、函數(shù)、面向?qū)ο笈c模式匹配方面的核心寫法能夠在真實工程中快速上手。文檔定位一份可運行的代碼即教程本倉庫 README.md 明確說明這里的每一篇文檔都是以有效、帶注釋的代碼呈現(xiàn)的旋風(fēng)式語言導(dǎo)覽Whirlwind tours presented as valid, commented code and explained as they go。這與本倉庫其他語言文檔如根目錄下的 python.md、rust.md的體例完全一致文檔本身就是一份可以編譯運行的示例程序邊運行邊講解。倉庫還提供了該文檔的中文翻譯版本 zh-cn/cangjie.md兩版內(nèi)容一一對應(yīng)便于對照學(xué)習(xí)。同時倉庫在 lint/frontmatter.py 中實現(xiàn)了對每篇文檔 YAML 前置元數(shù)據(jù)name、filename、contributors、translators等鍵的自動化校驗這從工程層面保證了文檔結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)范性——讀者在閱讀任何一篇導(dǎo)覽時都可以依賴其前置元數(shù)據(jù)快速定位貢獻者與文件名?？焖偕鲜謴膯挝募幾g到工程管理倉頡源文件以**包聲明package declaration**開始導(dǎo)入語句緊跟其后。示例開篇給出了最小的可運行骨架// Source files begin with a package declaration. package learnxinyminutes // Imports come after the package declaration. import std.convert.* import std.math.* import std.random.* // With the Cangjie SDK, a single file can be compiled with: // cjc learncangjie.cj // Larger projects normally use cjpm and a cjpm.toml manifest. // Single-line comments start with two slashes. /* Multi-line comments look like this. */這里透露出兩個關(guān)鍵的工程事實單文件場景安裝倉頡 SDK 后直接執(zhí)行cjc learncangjie.cj即可編譯單個源文件大型工程場景較大項目通常使用cjpm包管理工具并配合cjpm.toml清單文件組織依賴與構(gòu)建配置。注釋方面單行注釋以兩個斜杠//開頭多行注釋使用/* ... */與 C 系語言保持一致。導(dǎo)入使用通配符形式如import std.convert.*一次性引入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫某個包下的全部成員這與后文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫初探一節(jié)中的std.math、std.random、std.convert三個包形成呼應(yīng)——它們正是這份導(dǎo)覽運行時所依賴的核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫模塊。程序入口、輸出、輸入與變量創(chuàng)建與 C 語言類似main是倉頡可執(zhí)行程序的入口其返回類型為Int64// main is the entry point of an executable program. main(): Int64 { // println writes a line to standard output. println(Hello, Cangjie!) // print writes without appending a newline. print(This prompt stays on the same line: ) println(done) // readln() reads one line from standard input as a String. // Keep this commented so the tour can run without waiting for input. // let rawInput readln() // let parsedNumber Int64.parse(rawInput) // Create an immutable binding with let. let language: String Cangjie // Create a mutable variable with var. var releaseYear: Int64 2024 releaseYear 1 // Type annotations are often optional for local variables. let inferredInt 42 let inferredFloat 3.14159 println(${language} ${releaseYear}) println(${inferredInt}, ${inferredFloat}) learnBindings() learnStringsAndNumbers() learnControlFlow() learnCollections() learnFunctions() learnStructsClassesAndInterfaces() learnEnumsAndOptions() learnStandardLibrary() return 0 }這一節(jié)濃縮了倉頡最基礎(chǔ)、也最日常的語法要素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出println輸出一行并換行print輸出但不追加換行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入readln()從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入讀取一整行并返回String若要做數(shù)值處理需先調(diào)用Int64.parse(rawInput)進行解析示例中特意保持注釋狀態(tài)避免導(dǎo)覽程序運行時阻塞等待輸入綁定語義let創(chuàng)建不可變綁定immutable bindingvar創(chuàng)建可變變量mutable variablereleaseYear 1驗證了var的可變性類型推斷局部變量的類型標(biāo)注通?？梢允÷詌et inferredInt 42會自動推斷為Int64let inferredFloat 3.14159會自動推斷為浮點類型字符串插值${language} ${releaseYear}使用${...}語法嵌入表達式。main依次調(diào)用八個learn*函數(shù)這既是導(dǎo)覽的目錄結(jié)構(gòu)也給出了推薦的學(xué)習(xí)順序綁定與基本類型 → 字符串與數(shù)字 → 控制流 → 集合 → 函數(shù) → 結(jié)構(gòu)體/類/接口 → 枚舉與 Option → 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫。貫穿全篇的預(yù)備聲明一個迷你類型系統(tǒng)在進入各專題之前導(dǎo)覽先集中聲明了一批后續(xù)各節(jié)都會用到的類型。這些聲明本身就是倉頡類型系統(tǒng)的一次總預(yù)習(xí)——結(jié)構(gòu)體、接口、類、泛型、枚舉、泛型函數(shù)、函數(shù)重載在這里全部亮相// Cangjie has struct for value-like records. struct Vec2 { // A primary constructor can declare fields directly. public Vec2(var x: Float64, var y: Float64) {} public func length(): Float64 { sqrt(x * x y * y) } // mut marks a struct method that changes the receiver. public mut func scale(k: Float64): Unit { x * k y * k } // Operators are functions too. public operator func (rhs: Vec2): Vec2 { Vec2(x rhs.x, y rhs.y) } public func toString(): String { (${x.format(.1)}, ${y.format(.1)}) } } // Interfaces describe behavior. Implementing types use :. interface Named { prop label: String } // Classes are reference types and can carry fields, constructors, properties, // instance methods, static methods, and operator functions. class Person : Named { let id: Int64 private let rawName: String public init(id: Int64, name: String) { this.id id this.rawName name } // Properties use get and, for mutable properties, set. public prop label: String { get() { ${id}:${rawName} } } public func greet(): Unit { println(Hello, I am ${rawName}.) } } // A compact class constructor can declare fields in the parameter list. class BoxT { public Box(var value: T) {} public func mapR(f: (T) - R): BoxR { BoxR(f(value)) } } class Directory { private let people: ArrayPerson public init(people: ArrayPerson) { this.people people } // Overload [] to make a small lookup type. public operator func [](id: Int64): ?Person { for (person in people) { if (person.id id) { return Some(person) } } return None } } // Enums are algebraic data types. Constructors can hold data. enum Command { Quit | Echo(String) | Move(Vec2) | Repeat(Int64, String) } // OptionT is an enum with Some(T) and None. // ?T is shorthand for OptionT. func firstT(items: ArrayT): ?T { if (items.size 0) { return None } return Some(items[0]) } func run(command: Command): Unit { match (command) { case Quit println(quit) case Echo(text) println(text) case Move(delta) println(move by ${delta.toString()}) case Repeat(times, text) for (_ in 0..times) { println(text) } } } func printNamedT(item: T): Unit where T : Named { println(item.label) } // Overload functions by parameter types. func twice(x: Int64): Int64 { x * 2 } func twice(x: Float64): Float64 { x * 2.0 }這段預(yù)備聲明值得逐條拆解因為它幾乎覆蓋了倉頡類型系統(tǒng)的全部核心概念struct與值語義Vec2是值類型的記錄value-like record。其主構(gòu)造函數(shù)primary constructor直接在參數(shù)列表中聲明字段var x: Float64, var y: Float64mut關(guān)鍵字標(biāo)記會修改接收者receiver的方法scale因此可以原地改寫x、y操作符在倉頡中同樣以函數(shù)形式聲明operator func 重載了加法運算toString配合format(.1)輸出格式化后的坐標(biāo)。interface與實現(xiàn)約束Named接口聲明了一個屬性prop label: String。實現(xiàn)接口使用:符號class Person : Named而不是其他語言常見的implements關(guān)鍵字。class與引用語義Person是引用類型擁有字段、構(gòu)造函數(shù)、屬性與實例方法。屬性使用get可變屬性再加set定義讀寫邏輯label屬性在讀取時動態(tài)拼出${id}:${rawName}字符串。字段可用private修飾實現(xiàn)封裝。泛型類BoxT演示了緊湊的類構(gòu)造函數(shù)——在參數(shù)列表中直接聲明字段var value: T泛型方法mapR接收一個函數(shù)值f: (T) - R把BoxT變換為BoxR。操作符重載實現(xiàn)索引訪問Directory重載[]操作符使directory[id]可以按編號查找Person返回類型為?Person即OptionPerson未找到時返回None——用類型系統(tǒng)顯式表達可能不存在。代數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)類型enum Command的構(gòu)造子可以攜帶數(shù)據(jù)Echo(String)、Move(Vec2)、Repeat(Int64, String)各自攜帶不同形態(tài)的載荷。OptionT與?TfirstT返回?T空數(shù)組返回None否則返回Some(items[0])完全繞開了空指針問題。模式匹配run用match對Command的四種形態(tài)逐一解構(gòu)case Repeat(times, text)還能同時解出載荷中的兩個值。泛型約束與函數(shù)重載printNamedT用where T : Named約束類型參數(shù)必須實現(xiàn)Named接口twice則以參數(shù)類型區(qū)分兩個同名函數(shù)重載。由于這些聲明會在后文各節(jié)被反復(fù)調(diào)用建議讀者先通讀一遍、不必強記細節(jié)等后續(xù)章節(jié)真正用到時再回頭對照。綁定與基本類型顯式轉(zhuǎn)換與字面量進制learnBindings展示了倉頡的常用基本類型與字面量寫法func learnBindings(): Unit { // Common primitive types. let ok: Bool true let signed: Int64 -42 let unsigned: UInt64 42 let f32: Float32 1.25 let f64: Float64 2.5 println(${ok}, ${signed}, ${unsigned}, ${f32}, ${f64}) // Integer literals support familiar base prefixes. let decimal: Int64 255 let binary: Int64 0b11111111 let octal: Int64 0o377 let hex: Int64 0xFF println(${decimal}, ${binary}, ${octal}, ${hex}) // Numeric conversions are explicit. let count: Int64 3 let price: Float64 19.95 let total Float64(count) * price println(total: ${total.format(.2)}) }要點歸納基本類型覆蓋布爾Bool、有符號整型Int64、無符號整型UInt64、單精度浮點Float32、雙精度浮點Float64進制字面量十進制直接書寫二進制0b前綴、八進制0o前綴、十六進制0x前綴0b11111111、0o377、0xFF均等于十進制的255顯式數(shù)值轉(zhuǎn)換倉頡不允許隱式跨類型數(shù)值轉(zhuǎn)換Int64轉(zhuǎn)Float64必須顯式調(diào)用構(gòu)造形式Float64(count)這正是靜態(tài)類型語言保證精度的典型做法格式化輸出total.format(.2)將浮點數(shù)格式化為保留兩位小數(shù)是貫穿全篇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫format用法。字符串、字符、元組與插值learnStringsAndNumbers聚焦文本處理與組合類型func learnStringsAndNumbers(): Unit { let name Ada let score 99.5 // String interpolation uses ${...}. println(${name} scored ${score.format(.1)}) // readln() reads a String. Parse it before numeric work. // let line readln() // let n Int64.parse(line) let csv red,green,blue let parts csv.split(,) println(parts[0]) // Rune represents a Unicode character. let letter: Rune Rune(UInt32(65)) let lineBreak: Rune Rune(UInt32(10)) let generated: Rune Rune(UInt32(65)) println(${letter}${lineBreak}${generated}) // Tuples group a fixed number of values. let pair: (String, Int64) (answer, 42) let (word, value) pair println(${word}: ${value}) }關(guān)鍵點插值即表達式${name} scored ${score.format(.1)}表明${...}中可以直接書寫帶方法調(diào)用的表達式而非僅限簡單變量輸入解析readln()返回String數(shù)值計算前必須顯式Int64.parse(line)字符串分割csv.split(,)返回分割后的數(shù)組parts[0]取下標(biāo)為 0 的元素Rune字符類型Rune表示一個 Unicode 字符由UInt32碼點構(gòu)造Rune(UInt32(65))即字符A元組與解構(gòu)元組(String, Int64)將固定數(shù)量的值組合在一起let (word, value) pair一次性解構(gòu)出兩個綁定。表達式化控制流if 是表達式區(qū)間左閉右開倉頡的控制流整體是**面向表達式expression-oriented**的這是它區(qū)別于普通 C 系語言的核心體驗之一func learnControlFlow(): Unit { let temperature 22.5 // if can be used for branching. if (temperature 30.0) { println(hot) } else if (temperature 10.0) { println(cold) } else { println(comfortable) } // if can also produce a value. let status if (temperature 18.0) { open } else { closed } println(status) // a..b is left-closed and right-open. for (i in 0..3) { print(${i} ) } println() // a..b includes both ends. var sum: Int64 0 for (i in 1..100) { sum i } println(sum) var x: Int64 4 while (x 0) { x - 1 } // do-while runs its body at least once. do { x 1 } while (x 2) while (true) { if (x 2) { continue } break } }逐項解讀if的雙重身份既能作為語句進行分支也能作為表達式產(chǎn)出值——let status if (...) { open } else { closed }直接把分支結(jié)果綁定給變量無需三元運算符區(qū)間語法a..b左閉右開0..3遍歷 0、1、2a..b兩端都包含1..100求和即 5050循環(huán)家族for ... in遍歷區(qū)間或集合while先判斷后執(zhí)行do-while至少執(zhí)行一次循環(huán)體continue/break在while (true)中配合條件跳出或提前進入下一輪迭代語義與其他語言一致。數(shù)組與集合字面量推斷與重復(fù)初始化learnCollections演示了數(shù)組Array的兩類創(chuàng)建方式與遍歷func learnCollections(): Unit { // Array literals infer their element type. let primes [2, 3, 5, 7, 11] println(first prime: ${primes[0]}) // Create a fixed-size Array with a repeated initial value. var squares: ArrayInt64 Array(5, repeat: 0) for (i in 0..squares.size) { squares[i] i * i } for (value in squares) { print(${value} ) } println() let maybeFirst first(squares) if (maybeFirst.isSome()) { println(first square: ${maybeFirst.getOrThrow()}) } }要點字面量推斷[2, 3, 5, 7, 11]自動推斷元素類型primes[0]按下標(biāo)取值固定大小 重復(fù)初值A(chǔ)rray(5, repeat: 0)創(chuàng)建長度為 5、初始值全部為 0 的數(shù)組通過squares.size取長度結(jié)合區(qū)間0..squares.size完成按索引寫入值遍歷for (value in squares)直接遍歷元素首次接觸 Option 消費端first(squares)返回?Int64用isSome()判斷有值后再以getOrThrow()取出——這是倉頡用類型表達可能缺失的日常寫法后文枚舉與 Option一節(jié)還會深入。函數(shù)、閉包與重載函數(shù)是一等值learnFunctions系統(tǒng)展示了函數(shù)類型、lambda、閉包與函數(shù)值func learnFunctions(): Unit { // Function types use arrows. var op: (Int64, Int64) - Int64 { a: Int64, b: Int64 a b } println(op(2, 3)) op { a: Int64, b: Int64 a * b } println(op(2, 3)) // Closures can capture local variables. let offset 10 let addOffset: (Int64) - Int64 { n: Int64 n offset } println(addOffset(5)) // Functions are values. let f: (Int64) - Int64 twice println(f(21)) println(twice(21)) println(twice(21.0).format(.1)) let boxed BoxInt64(21) let mapped boxed.map({ n: Int64 value${n} }) println(mapped.value) }核心結(jié)論函數(shù)類型用箭頭(Int64, Int64) - Int64表示接收兩個Int64、返回Int64的函數(shù)類型lambda 寫法為{ a: Int64, b: Int64 a b }左側(cè)是參數(shù)列表、右側(cè)是函數(shù)體變量可重新綁定到不同函數(shù)op先指向加法 lambda再指向乘法 lambda說明函數(shù)類型變量可以重新賦值閉包捕獲lambda{ n: Int64 n offset }捕獲了外層局部變量offset函數(shù)即值命名函數(shù)twice可以直接賦值給函數(shù)類型變量let f: (Int64) - Int64 twice重載按參數(shù)類型分派twice(21)命中Int64版本返回整數(shù)twice(21.0)命中Float64版本返回浮點高階泛型BoxInt64(21).map({ n value${n} })把BoxInt64變換為BoxString印證了預(yù)備聲明中mapR的泛型函數(shù)類型(T) - R。結(jié)構(gòu)體、類、接口、屬性與操作符面向?qū)ο蟮耐暾磮DlearnStructsClassesAndInterfaces是整份導(dǎo)覽中信息密度最高的運行示例把預(yù)備聲明里定義的類型全部串了起來func learnStructsClassesAndInterfaces(): Unit { var a Vec2(3.0, 4.0) let b Vec2(1.0, 2.0) let c a b println(a.length().format(.1)) println(c.toString()) a.scale(2.0) println(a.toString()) let ada Person(1, Ada) ada.greet() // Person implements Named, so it can be used by a generic function // constrained with where T : Named. printNamedPerson(ada) let directory Directory([ Person(1, Ada), Person(2, Grace), Person(3, Edsger) ]) // This calls Directory.operator[]. let maybePerson directory[2] if (maybePerson.isSome()) { let person maybePerson.getOrThrow() println(found ${person.label}) } }運行效果與設(shè)計意圖值語義與操作符重載Vec2(3.0, 4.0)與Vec2(1.0, 2.0)通過重載的得到Vec2(4.0, 6.0)a.length()計算模長 5.0mut方法原地修改a.scale(2.0)因為scale以mut修飾可以原地把a變?yōu)?6.0, 8.0)若在不可變綁定上調(diào)用mut方法會編譯報錯引用類型與多態(tài)Person(1, Ada)是引用類型實例ada.greet()調(diào)用實例方法泛型約束的兌現(xiàn)Person實現(xiàn)了Named接口因此可以傳給受where T : Named約束的printNamedPerson輸出label屬性值1:Ada操作符[]的調(diào)用directory[2]表面是下標(biāo)訪問實際觸發(fā)Directory.operator[]返回?Person用isSome()/getOrThrow()取出后打印label。枚舉、模式匹配與 Option用類型消滅空指針learnEnumsAndOptions把代數(shù)枚舉、match與Option三種機制組合使用func learnEnumsAndOptions(): Unit { let commands: ArrayCommand [ Echo(ready), Move(Vec2(5.0, -2.0)), Repeat(2, again), Quit ] for (command in commands) { run(command) } let directory Directory([Person(1, Ada)]) let missing directory[99] match (missing) { case Some(person) println(person.label) case None println(no person with that id) } // if let style conditions are concise for one successful pattern. if (directory[1].isSome()) { let person directory[1].getOrThrow() println(hello ${person.label}) } }理解要點帶數(shù)據(jù)的枚舉Command的四個構(gòu)造子被實例化后存入數(shù)組——Echo(ready)攜帶字符串、Move(Vec2(5.0, -2.0))攜帶坐標(biāo)、Repeat(2, again)攜帶次數(shù)與文本、Quit不攜帶數(shù)據(jù)窮盡式匹配run(command)中的match對四種形態(tài)逐一給出case分支且能在分支內(nèi)解構(gòu)載荷如case Repeat(times, text)實現(xiàn)按形態(tài)分發(fā)邏輯Option顯式處理缺失directory[99]找不到人返回Nonematch分別處理Some(person)與None兩個分支編譯器保證兩個分支都被覆蓋if let風(fēng)格的簡寫當(dāng)只關(guān)心一種成功模式時可先用isSome()判斷、再getOrThrow()取值寫出更簡潔的順序式代碼。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫初探math、random、convert 三件套導(dǎo)覽結(jié)尾用一小段程序演示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫三個包的典型用法func learnStandardLibrary(): Unit { // std.math.* println(sqrt(81.0)) println(abs(-12)) // std.random.* let rng Random() let dice rng.nextInt64(6) 1 println(dice: ${dice}) // std.convert.* let n Int64.parse(123) let y Float64.parse(3.5) println(${n}, ${y.format(.2)}) // Cangjie also has packages for collections, I/O, time, regex, // concurrency, testing, reflection, macros, and C interoperability. }std.mathsqrt(81.0)開平方得 9.0abs(-12)取絕對值std.randomRandom()創(chuàng)建隨機數(shù)生成器nextInt64(6)生成[0, 6)區(qū)間的隨機整數(shù)加 1 即得 16 的骰子點數(shù)std.convertInt64.parse(123)、Float64.parse(3.5)將字符串解析為數(shù)值與開篇Int64.parse(rawInput)的處理方式完全一致更廣闊的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫版圖導(dǎo)覽同時提示倉頡還提供集合collections、I/O、時間time、正則regex、并發(fā)concurrency、測試testing、反射reflection、宏macros以及 C 互操作C interoperability等包為后續(xù)深入學(xué)習(xí)劃定了地圖?？偨Y(jié)倉頡與普通 C 系語言的差異文檔末尾對全篇做了凝練收束指出這份導(dǎo)覽刻意保持緊湊但已經(jīng)足以展示倉頡區(qū)別于普通 C 系語言的五個核心特質(zhì)表達式都有類型if、循環(huán)等控制結(jié)構(gòu)可以產(chǎn)出值類型系統(tǒng)全程參與Option取代大量類 null場景?T與Some/None讓可能不存在成為類型的一部分配合isSome()/getOrThrow()安全取值枚舉攜帶數(shù)據(jù)代數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)類型把形態(tài)與載荷綁定在一起配合match實現(xiàn)窮盡式模式匹配接口約束泛型:與where T : Named讓泛型代碼既能抽象又能受檢操作符與屬性是普通聲明operator func 、operator func []、prop的get/set都是語言中的一等聲明而非編譯器魔法。若想繼續(xù)深入可以對照本倉庫的中文版 zh-cn/cangjie.md 逐段精讀并參照 README.md 了解本倉庫代碼即教程的文檔規(guī)范——這份導(dǎo)覽本身就是一份可直接用cjc編譯運行的完整程序動手跑一遍比任何講解都更直觀。贊分享文檔教程【免費下載鏈接】learnxinyminutes-docsCode documentation written as code! 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